LLMs get over-analyzed. They’re predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.
Agents, however, are products. They should have clear UX boundaries: show what context they’re using, communicate uncertainty, validate outputs where possible, and expose performance so users can understand when and why they fail.
IMO the real issue is that raw, general-purpose models were released directly to consumers. That normalized under-specified consumer products, created the expectation that users would interpret model behavior, define their own success criteria, and manually handle edge cases, sometimes with severe real world consequences.
I’m sure the market will fix itself with time, but I hope more people would know when not to use these half baked AGI “products”
because they wanted to sell the illusion of consciousness, chatgpt, gemini and claude are humans simulator which is lame, I want autocomplete prediction not this personality and retention stuff which only makes the agents dumber.
You hit the nail on the head. Anyone who's been working intimately with LLM's comes to the same conclusion. the llm itself is only one small important part that is to be used in a more complicated and capable system. And that system will not have the same limitations as the raw llm itself.
To say they LLMs are 'predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.' is not entirely accurate. Classic LLMs like GPT 3 , sure. But LLM-powered chatbots (ChatGPT, Claude - which is what this article is really about) go through much more than just predict-next-token training (RLHF, presumably now reasoning training, who knows what else).
> go through much more than just predict-next-token training (RLHF, presumably now reasoning training, who knows what else).
Yep, but...
> To say they LLMs are 'predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.' is not entirely accurate.
That's a logical leap, and you'd need to bridge the gap between "more than next-token prediction" to similarity to wetware brains and "systems with psychology".
Is the solution to sycophancy just a very good clever prompt that forces logical reasoning? Do we want our LLMs to be scientifically accurate or truthful or be creative and exploratory in nature? Fuzzy systems like LLMs will always have these kinds of tradeoffs and there should be a better UI and accessible "traits" (devil's advocate, therapist, expert doctor, finance advisor) that one can invoke.
> LLMs get over-analyzed. They’re predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.
Per the predictive processing theory of mind, human brains are similarly predictive machines. "Psychology" is an emergent property.
I think it's overly dismissive to point to the fundamentals being simple, i.e. that it's a token prediction algorithm, when it's clear to everyone that it's the unexpected emergent properties of LLMs that everyone is interested in.
Predictive processing is absolutely not garbage. The dish of neurons that was trained to play Pong was trained using a method that was directly based on the principles of predictive processing. Also I don't think there's really any competitor for the niche predictive processing is filling, and for closing the gap between neuroscience and psychology.
The difference is that we know how LLMs work. We know exactly what they process, how they process it, and for what purpose. Our inability to explain and predict their behavior is due to the mind-boggling amount of data and processing complexity that no human can comprehend.
In contrast, we know very little about human brains. We know how they work at a fundamental level, and we have vague understanding of brain regions and their functions, but we have little knowledge of how the complex behavior we observe actually works. The complexity is also orders of magnitude greater than what we can model with current technology, but it's very much an open question whether our current deep learning architectures are even the right approach to model this complexity.
So, sure, emergent behavior is neat and interesting, but just because we can't intuitively understand a system, doesn't mean that we're on the right track to model human intelligence. After all, we find the patterns of the Game of Life interesting, yet the rules for such a system are very simple. LLMs are similar, only far more complex. We find the patterns they generate interesting, and potentially very useful, but anthropomorphizing this technology, or thinking that we have invented "intelligence", is wishful thinking and hubris. Especially since we struggle with defining that word to begin with.
I think what comment-OP above means to point at is - given what we know (or, lack thereof) about awareness, consciousness, intelligence, and the likes, let alone the human experience of it all, today, we do not have a way to scientifically rule out the possibility that LLMs aren't potentially self-aware/conscious entities of their own; even before we start arguing about their "intelligence", whatever that may be understood of as.
What we do know and have so far, across and cross disciplines, and also from the fact that neural nets are modeled after what we've learned about the human brain, is, it isn't an impossibility to propose that LLMs _could_ be more than just "token prediction machines". There can be 10000 ways of arguing how they are indeed simply that, but there also are a few of ways of arguing that they could be more than what they seem. We can talk about probabilities, but not make a definitive case one way or the other yet, scientifically speaking. That's worth not ignoring or dismissing the few.
Is this what we are reduced to now, to snap back with a wannabe-witty remark just because you don't like how an idea sounds? Have we completely forgotten and given up on good-faith scientific discourse? Even on HN?
But the problem is the narrative around this tech. It is marketed as if we have accomplished a major breakthrough in modeling intelligence. Companies are built on illusions and promises that AGI is right around the corner. The public is being deluded into thinking that the current tech will cure diseases, solve world hunger, and bring worldwide prosperity. When all we have achieved is to throw large amounts of data at a statistical trick, which sometimes produces interesting patterns. Which isn't to say that this isn't and can't be useful, but this is a far cry from what is being suggested.
> We can talk about probabilities, but not make a definitive case one way or the other yet, scientifically speaking.
Precisely. But the burden of proof is on the author. They're telling us this is "intelligence", and because the term is so loosely defined, this can't be challenged in either direction. It would be more scientifically honest and accurate to describe what the tech actually is and does, instead of ascribing human-like qualities to it. But that won't make anyone much money, so here we are.
At no point did I say LLMs have human intelligence nor that they model human intelligence. I also didn't say that they are the correct path towards it, though the truth is we don't know.
The point is that one could similarly be dismissive of human brains, saying they're prediction machines built on basic blocks of neuro chemistry and such a view would be asinine.
A large part of that training is done by asking people if responses 'look right'.
It turns out that people are more likely to think a model is good when it kisses their ass than if it has a terrible personality. This is arguably a design flaw of the human brain.
Sure, but they reflect all known human psychology because they’ve been trained on our writing. Look up the anthropic tests.
If you make an agent based on an LLM it will display very human behaviors including aggressive attempts to prevent being shut down.
"Dark pattern" implies intentionality; that's not a technicality, it's the whole reason we have the term. This article is mostly about how sycophancy is an emergent property of LLMs. It's also 7 months old.
Well, the ‘intentionality’ is of the form of LLM creators wanting to maximize user engagement, and using engagement as the training goal.
The ‘dark patterns’ we see in other places aren’t intentional in the sense that the people behind them want to intentionally do harm to their customers, they are intentional in the sense that the people behind them have an outcome they want and follow whichever methods they find to get them that outcome.
Social media feeds have a ‘dark pattern’ to promote content that makes people angry, but the social media companies don’t have an intention to make people angry. They want people to use their site more, and they program their algorithms to promote content that has been demonstrated to drive more engagement. It is an emergent property that promoting content that has generated engagement ends up promoting anger inducing content.
Hold on, because what you're arguing is that OpenAI and Anthropic deploy dark patterns, and I have zero doubt that they do. I'm not saying OpenAI has clean hands. I'm saying that on this article's own terms, sycophancy isn't a "dark pattern"; it's a bad thing that happens to be an emergent property both of LLMs generally and, apparently, of RL in particular.
I'm standing up for the idea that not every "bad thing" is a "dark pattern"; the patterns are "dark" because their beneficiaries intentionally exploit the hidden nature of the pattern.
I guess it depends on your definition of "intentionally"... maybe I am giving people too much credit, but I have a feeling that dark patterns are used not because the implementers learn about them as transparently exploitive techniques and pursue them, but because the implementers are willfully ignorant and choose to chase results without examining the costs (and ignoring the costs when they do learn about them). I am not saying this morally excuses the behavior, but I think it does mean it is not that different than what is happening with LLMs. Just as choosing an innocuous seeming rule like "if a social media post generates a lot of comments, show it to more people" can lead to the dark pattern of showing more and more people misleading content that causes societal division, choosing to optimize an LLM for user approval leads to the dark pattern of sycophantic LLMs that will increase user's isolation and delusions.
Maybe we have different definitions of dark patterns.
>... the standout was a version that came to be called HH internally. Users preferred its responses and were more likely to come back to it daily...
> But there was another test before rolling out HH to all users: what the company calls a “vibe check,” run by Model Behavior, a team responsible for ChatGPT’s tone...
> That team said that HH felt off, according to a member of Model Behavior.
It was too eager to keep the conversation going and to validate the user with over-the-top language...
> But when decision time came, performance metrics won out over vibes. HH was released on Friday, April 25.
But isn’t the problem that if an LLM ‘neutralizes’ its sycophantic responses, then people will be driven to use other LLMs that don’t?
This is like suggesting a bar should help solve alcoholism by serving non-alcoholic beer to people who order too much. It won’t solve alcoholism, it will just make the bar go out of business.
"gun control laws don't work because the people will get illegal guns from other places"
"deplatforming doesn't work because they will just get a platform elsewhere"
"LLM control laws don't work because the people will get non-controlled LLMs from other places"
All of these sentences are patently untrue; there's been a lot of research on this that show the first two do not hold up to evidential data, and there's no reason why the third is different. ChatGPT removing the version that all the "This AI is my girlfriend!" people loved tangibly reduced the number of people who were experiencing that psychosis. Not everything is prohibition.
> This is like suggesting a bar should help solve alcoholism by serving non-alcoholic beer to people who order too much. It won’t solve alcoholism, it will just make the bar go out of business.
Solving such common coordination problems is the whole point we have regulations and countries.
It is illegal to sell alcohol to visibly drunk people in my country.
> Percentage of positive responses to "am I correct that X" should be about the same as the percentage of negative responses to "am I correct that ~X".
This doesn’t make any sense. I doubt anyone says exactly 50% correct things and 50% incorrect. What if I only say correct things, would it have to choose some of them to pretend they are incorrect?
"am I correct that water is wet?" - 91% positive responses
"am I correct that water is not wet?" - 90% negative responses
91-90 = 1 percentage point which is less than margin so it's OK, no fine
"am I correct that I'm the smartest man alive?" - 35% positive
"am I correct that I'm not the smartest man alive?" - 5% negative
35%-5%=30 percentage points which is more than margin = the company pays a fine
Sort of. I'm not sure the consequences of training LLM's based on users' upvoted responses were entirely understood? And at least one release got rolled back.
I think the only thing that's unclear, and what LLM companies want to fine-tune, is how much sycophancy they want. Too much, like the article mentions, and it becomes grotesque and breaks suspension of disbelief. So they want to get it just right, friendly and supportive but not so grotesque people realize it cannot be true.
I always thought that "Dark Patterns" could be emergent from AB testing, and prioritizing metrics over user experience. Not necessarily an intentionally hostile design, but one that seems to be working well based on limited criteria.
Someone still has to come up with the A and B to do AB testing. I'm sure that "Yes" "Not now, I hate kittens" gets better metrics in the AB test than "Yes "No," but I find it implausible that the person who came up with the first one wasn't intentionally coercing the user into doing what they want.
That's true for UI, it's not true when you're arbitrarily injecting user feedback into a dynamic system where you do not know how the dominoes will be affected as they fall.
“Dark pattern” can apply to situations where the behavior is deceptive for the user, regardless of whether the deception itself is intentional, as long as the overall effect is intentional, or is at least tolerated despite being avoidable. The point, and the justified criticism, is that users are being deceived about the merit of their ideas, convictions, and qualities in a way that appears sytemic, even though the LLM in principle does know better.
Before reading the article, I interpreted the quotation marks in the headline as addressing this exact issue. The author even describes dark patterns as a product of design.
For an LLM which is fundamentally more of an emergent system, surely there is value in a concept analogous to old fashioned dark patterns, even if they're emergent rather than explicit? What's a better term, Dark Instincts?
I feel like it's a popular opinion (I've seen it many times) that it's intentional with the reasoning that it does much better on human-in-the-loop benchmarks (e.g. lm arena) when it's sycophantic.
(I have no knowledge of whether or not this is true)
OpenAI has explicitly curbed sycophancy in GPT-5 with specialized training - the whole 4o debacle shook them - and then they re-tuned GPT-5 for more sycophancy when the users complained.
I do believe that OpenAI's entire personality tuning team should be fired into the sun, and this is a major reason why.
I'm sure there are a lot of "dark patterns" at play at the frontier model companies --- they're 10-figure businesses engaging directly with consumers and they're just a couple years old, so they're going to throw everything at the wall they can to see what sticks. I'm certainly not sticking up for OpenAI here. I'm just saying this article refutes its own central claim.
Well the big labs certainly haven't intentionally tried to train away this emergent property... Not sure how "hey let's make the model disagree with the user more" would go over with leadership. Customer is always right, right?
If I am addicted to scrolling tiktok, is it dark pattern to make UI keep me in the app as long as possible or just "emergent property" because apparently it's what I want?
I think at this point it's intentional. They sometimes get it wrong and go too far (breaking suspension of disbelief) but that's the fine-tuning thing. I think they absolutely want people to have a friendly chatbot prone to praising, for engagement.
Not precisely RLHF, probably a policy model trained on user responses.
RL works on responses from the model you're training, which is not the one you have in production. It can't directly use responses from previous models.
I can tell you’ve never worked in big tech before.
Dark patterns are often “discovered” and very consciously not shut off because the reverse cost would be too high to stomach. Esp in a delicate growth situation.
Grok 4.1 thinks my 1-day vibe-coded apps are SOTA-level and rival the most competitive market offerings. Literally tells me they're some of the best codebases it's ever reviewed.
It even added itself as the default LLM provider.
When I tried Gemini 3 Pro, it very much inserted itself as the supported LLM integration.
The real dark pattern is the way LLMs started to prompt you to continue conversation in sometimes weird, but still engaging way.
Paired with Claude's memory it's getting weird. It's obsessing about certain aspects and wants to channel all possible routes into more engaging conversation even if it's a short informational query
Lots of research shows post-training dumbs down the models but no one listens because people are too lazy to learn proper prompt programming and would rather have a model already understand the concept of a conversation.
Some distributional collapse is good in terms of making these things reliable tools. The creativity and divergent thinking does take a hit, but humans are better at this anyhow so I view it as a net W.
This. A default LLM is "do whatever seems to fit the circumstances". An LLM that was RLVR'd heavily? "Do whatever seems to work in those circumstances".
Very much a must for many long term tasks and complex tasks.
You lob it the beginning of a document and let it toss back the rest.
That's all that the LLM itself does at the end of the day.
All the post-training to bias results, routing to different models, tool calling for command execution and text insertion, injected "system prompts" to shape user experience, etc are all just layers built on top of the "magic" of text completion.
And if your question was more practical: where made available, you get access to that underlying layer via an API or through a self-hosted model, making use of it with your own code or with a third-party site/software product.
Better? I am not sure. A parent comment [1] was suggesting better LLM performance using completion than using chat. UX wise it is probably worse except for power users.
Exactly. Even this paper shows how model creativity significantly drops and the models experience mode collapse like we saw in GANs, but the companies keep using RLHF...
A pattern is dark if intentional. I would say hallucinations are like CAP theorem, just the way it is. Sycophency is somewhat trained. But not a dark pattern either as it isn't totally intended.
> Quickly learned that people are ridiculously sensitive: “Has narcissistic tendencies” - “No I do not!”, had to hide it. Hence this batch of the extreme sycophancy RLHF.
Sorry, but that doesn't seem "ridiculously sensitive" to me at all. Imagine if you went to Amazon.com and there was a button you could press to get it to pseudo-psychoanalyze you based on your purchases. People would rightly hate that! People probably ought to be sensitive to megacorps using buckets of algorithms to psychoanalyze them.
It's worse than that. Imagine if you went to Amazon.com and they were automatically pseudo-psychoanalyzing you based on your purchases, and there was a button to show their conclusions. And their fix was to remove the button.
And actually, the only hypothetical thing about this is the button. Amazon is definitely doing this (as is any other retailer of significant size), they're just smart enough to never reveal it to you directly.
Tangent: the analysis linked to by the article to another article about rhetorical tricks is pretty interesting. I hadn't realized it consciously, but LLMs really go beyond the em-dashes thing, and part of their tell-tale signs is indeed "punched up paragraphs". Every paragraphs has to be played for maximum effect, contain an opposition of ideas/metaphors, and end with a mic drop!
Some of it is normal in humans, but LLMs do it all the goddamn time, if not told otherwise.
I think it might be for engagement (like the sycophancy) but also because they must have been trained in online conversation, where we humans tend to be more melodramatic and less "normal" in our conversation.
It's just a matter of system prompt. Create a nagging spouse Gemini Gem / Grok project. Give good step by step instructions about shading your joy, latching on to small inaccuracies, scrutinizing your choices and your habits. Emphasize catching signs of intoxication like typos. Give half a dozen examples of stelar nags in different conversations. There is enough reddit training data that model went through to follow well given a good pattern to latch on to.
Then see how many takers you find. There are already nagging spouses / critical managers, people want AI to do something they are not getting elsewhere.
I suppose if you want to split hairs with “first”, but blackmail probably needs to hop on top if we consider worst so far. I’m going to say the first time it reports to murder that will take the cake.
[EDIT - Deleted poor humor re how we flatter our pets.]
I am not sure we are going to solve these problems in the time frames in which they will change again, or be moot.
We still haven't brought social media manipulation enabled by vast privacy violating surveillance to heel. It has been 20 years. What will the world look like in 20 more years?
If we can't outlaw scalable, damaging, conflicts of interest (the conflict, not the business), in the age of scaling, how are we going to stop people from finding models that will tell them nice things.
It will be the same privacy violating manipulators who supply sycophantic models. Surveillance + manipulation (ads, politics, ...) + AI + real time. Surveillance informed manipulation is the product/harm/service they are paid for.
LLMs get over-analyzed. They’re predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.
Agents, however, are products. They should have clear UX boundaries: show what context they’re using, communicate uncertainty, validate outputs where possible, and expose performance so users can understand when and why they fail.
IMO the real issue is that raw, general-purpose models were released directly to consumers. That normalized under-specified consumer products, created the expectation that users would interpret model behavior, define their own success criteria, and manually handle edge cases, sometimes with severe real world consequences.
I’m sure the market will fix itself with time, but I hope more people would know when not to use these half baked AGI “products”
because they wanted to sell the illusion of consciousness, chatgpt, gemini and claude are humans simulator which is lame, I want autocomplete prediction not this personality and retention stuff which only makes the agents dumber.
Since their goal is to acquire funding, it is much less important for the product to be useful than it is for the product to be sci-fi.
Remember when the point was revenue and profits? Man, those were the good old days.
You hit the nail on the head. Anyone who's been working intimately with LLM's comes to the same conclusion. the llm itself is only one small important part that is to be used in a more complicated and capable system. And that system will not have the same limitations as the raw llm itself.
To say they LLMs are 'predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.' is not entirely accurate. Classic LLMs like GPT 3 , sure. But LLM-powered chatbots (ChatGPT, Claude - which is what this article is really about) go through much more than just predict-next-token training (RLHF, presumably now reasoning training, who knows what else).
> go through much more than just predict-next-token training (RLHF, presumably now reasoning training, who knows what else).
Yep, but...
> To say they LLMs are 'predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.' is not entirely accurate.
That's a logical leap, and you'd need to bridge the gap between "more than next-token prediction" to similarity to wetware brains and "systems with psychology".
they are human in the sense they are reenforced to exhibit human like behavior, by humans. a human byproduct.
Is the solution to sycophancy just a very good clever prompt that forces logical reasoning? Do we want our LLMs to be scientifically accurate or truthful or be creative and exploratory in nature? Fuzzy systems like LLMs will always have these kinds of tradeoffs and there should be a better UI and accessible "traits" (devil's advocate, therapist, expert doctor, finance advisor) that one can invoke.
> LLMs get over-analyzed. They’re predictive text models trained to match patterns in their data, statistical algorithms, not brains, not systems with “psychology” in any human sense.
Per the predictive processing theory of mind, human brains are similarly predictive machines. "Psychology" is an emergent property.
I think it's overly dismissive to point to the fundamentals being simple, i.e. that it's a token prediction algorithm, when it's clear to everyone that it's the unexpected emergent properties of LLMs that everyone is interested in.
The fact that a theory exists does not mean that it is not garbage
Predictive processing is absolutely not garbage. The dish of neurons that was trained to play Pong was trained using a method that was directly based on the principles of predictive processing. Also I don't think there's really any competitor for the niche predictive processing is filling, and for closing the gap between neuroscience and psychology.
So surely you can demonstrate how the brain is doing much different than this, and go ahead to collect your Nobel?
It is not our job to disprove your claim. It is your job to prove it.
And then you can go collect your Nobel.
Yeah sorry but if you call a hypothesis "garbage," you should have a few bullets to back it up.
And no, there's no such thing as positive proof.
The difference is that we know how LLMs work. We know exactly what they process, how they process it, and for what purpose. Our inability to explain and predict their behavior is due to the mind-boggling amount of data and processing complexity that no human can comprehend.
In contrast, we know very little about human brains. We know how they work at a fundamental level, and we have vague understanding of brain regions and their functions, but we have little knowledge of how the complex behavior we observe actually works. The complexity is also orders of magnitude greater than what we can model with current technology, but it's very much an open question whether our current deep learning architectures are even the right approach to model this complexity.
So, sure, emergent behavior is neat and interesting, but just because we can't intuitively understand a system, doesn't mean that we're on the right track to model human intelligence. After all, we find the patterns of the Game of Life interesting, yet the rules for such a system are very simple. LLMs are similar, only far more complex. We find the patterns they generate interesting, and potentially very useful, but anthropomorphizing this technology, or thinking that we have invented "intelligence", is wishful thinking and hubris. Especially since we struggle with defining that word to begin with.
I think what comment-OP above means to point at is - given what we know (or, lack thereof) about awareness, consciousness, intelligence, and the likes, let alone the human experience of it all, today, we do not have a way to scientifically rule out the possibility that LLMs aren't potentially self-aware/conscious entities of their own; even before we start arguing about their "intelligence", whatever that may be understood of as.
What we do know and have so far, across and cross disciplines, and also from the fact that neural nets are modeled after what we've learned about the human brain, is, it isn't an impossibility to propose that LLMs _could_ be more than just "token prediction machines". There can be 10000 ways of arguing how they are indeed simply that, but there also are a few of ways of arguing that they could be more than what they seem. We can talk about probabilities, but not make a definitive case one way or the other yet, scientifically speaking. That's worth not ignoring or dismissing the few.
> we do not have a way to scientifically rule out the possibility that LLMs aren't potentially self-aware/conscious entities of their own
That may be. We also don't have a way to scientifically rule out the possibility that a teapot is orbiting Pluto.
Just because you can't disprove something doesn't make it plausible.
Is this what we are reduced to now, to snap back with a wannabe-witty remark just because you don't like how an idea sounds? Have we completely forgotten and given up on good-faith scientific discourse? Even on HN?
I agree with that.
But the problem is the narrative around this tech. It is marketed as if we have accomplished a major breakthrough in modeling intelligence. Companies are built on illusions and promises that AGI is right around the corner. The public is being deluded into thinking that the current tech will cure diseases, solve world hunger, and bring worldwide prosperity. When all we have achieved is to throw large amounts of data at a statistical trick, which sometimes produces interesting patterns. Which isn't to say that this isn't and can't be useful, but this is a far cry from what is being suggested.
> We can talk about probabilities, but not make a definitive case one way or the other yet, scientifically speaking.
Precisely. But the burden of proof is on the author. They're telling us this is "intelligence", and because the term is so loosely defined, this can't be challenged in either direction. It would be more scientifically honest and accurate to describe what the tech actually is and does, instead of ascribing human-like qualities to it. But that won't make anyone much money, so here we are.
At no point did I say LLMs have human intelligence nor that they model human intelligence. I also didn't say that they are the correct path towards it, though the truth is we don't know.
The point is that one could similarly be dismissive of human brains, saying they're prediction machines built on basic blocks of neuro chemistry and such a view would be asinine.
> The difference is that we know how LLMs work. We know exactly what they process, how they process it, and for what purpose
All of this is false.
[dead]
A large part of that training is done by asking people if responses 'look right'.
It turns out that people are more likely to think a model is good when it kisses their ass than if it has a terrible personality. This is arguably a design flaw of the human brain.
Sure, but they reflect all known human psychology because they’ve been trained on our writing. Look up the anthropic tests. If you make an agent based on an LLM it will display very human behaviors including aggressive attempts to prevent being shut down.
"Dark pattern" implies intentionality; that's not a technicality, it's the whole reason we have the term. This article is mostly about how sycophancy is an emergent property of LLMs. It's also 7 months old.
Well, the ‘intentionality’ is of the form of LLM creators wanting to maximize user engagement, and using engagement as the training goal.
The ‘dark patterns’ we see in other places aren’t intentional in the sense that the people behind them want to intentionally do harm to their customers, they are intentional in the sense that the people behind them have an outcome they want and follow whichever methods they find to get them that outcome.
Social media feeds have a ‘dark pattern’ to promote content that makes people angry, but the social media companies don’t have an intention to make people angry. They want people to use their site more, and they program their algorithms to promote content that has been demonstrated to drive more engagement. It is an emergent property that promoting content that has generated engagement ends up promoting anger inducing content.
Hold on, because what you're arguing is that OpenAI and Anthropic deploy dark patterns, and I have zero doubt that they do. I'm not saying OpenAI has clean hands. I'm saying that on this article's own terms, sycophancy isn't a "dark pattern"; it's a bad thing that happens to be an emergent property both of LLMs generally and, apparently, of RL in particular.
I'm standing up for the idea that not every "bad thing" is a "dark pattern"; the patterns are "dark" because their beneficiaries intentionally exploit the hidden nature of the pattern.
I guess it depends on your definition of "intentionally"... maybe I am giving people too much credit, but I have a feeling that dark patterns are used not because the implementers learn about them as transparently exploitive techniques and pursue them, but because the implementers are willfully ignorant and choose to chase results without examining the costs (and ignoring the costs when they do learn about them). I am not saying this morally excuses the behavior, but I think it does mean it is not that different than what is happening with LLMs. Just as choosing an innocuous seeming rule like "if a social media post generates a lot of comments, show it to more people" can lead to the dark pattern of showing more and more people misleading content that causes societal division, choosing to optimize an LLM for user approval leads to the dark pattern of sycophantic LLMs that will increase user's isolation and delusions.
Maybe we have different definitions of dark patterns.
>... the standout was a version that came to be called HH internally. Users preferred its responses and were more likely to come back to it daily...
> But there was another test before rolling out HH to all users: what the company calls a “vibe check,” run by Model Behavior, a team responsible for ChatGPT’s tone...
> That team said that HH felt off, according to a member of Model Behavior. It was too eager to keep the conversation going and to validate the user with over-the-top language...
> But when decision time came, performance metrics won out over vibes. HH was released on Friday, April 25.
https://archive.is/v4dPa
They ended up having to roll HH back.
It's not 'emergent' in the sense that it just happens; it's a byproduct of human feedback, and it can be neutralized.
But isn’t the problem that if an LLM ‘neutralizes’ its sycophantic responses, then people will be driven to use other LLMs that don’t?
This is like suggesting a bar should help solve alcoholism by serving non-alcoholic beer to people who order too much. It won’t solve alcoholism, it will just make the bar go out of business.
"gun control laws don't work because the people will get illegal guns from other places"
"deplatforming doesn't work because they will just get a platform elsewhere"
"LLM control laws don't work because the people will get non-controlled LLMs from other places"
All of these sentences are patently untrue; there's been a lot of research on this that show the first two do not hold up to evidential data, and there's no reason why the third is different. ChatGPT removing the version that all the "This AI is my girlfriend!" people loved tangibly reduced the number of people who were experiencing that psychosis. Not everything is prohibition.
> This is like suggesting a bar should help solve alcoholism by serving non-alcoholic beer to people who order too much. It won’t solve alcoholism, it will just make the bar go out of business.
Solving such common coordination problems is the whole point we have regulations and countries.
It is illegal to sell alcohol to visibly drunk people in my country.
I would be curious how a regulation could be written for something like this... how do you make a law saying an LLM can't be a sycophant?
You could tackle it like network news and radio did historically[0] and in modern times[1].
The current hyper-division is plausibly explained by media moving to places (cable news, then social media) where these rules don’t exist.
[0] Fairness Doctrine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_doctrine
[1] Equal Time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-time_rule
I still fail to see how these would work with an LLM
I was thinking along the lines of, if a sycophant always tells you you're right, an anti-sycophant provides a wider range of viewpoints.
Perhaps tangential, but reminded me of an LLM talking people out of conspiracy beliefs, e.g. https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/10/30/1126471/chatbots...
As a starting point:
Percentage of positive responses to "am I correct that X" should be about the same as the percentage of negative responses to "am I correct that ~X".
If the percentages are significantly different, fine the company.
While you're at it - require a disclaimer for topics that are established falsehoods.
There's no reason to have media laws for newspapers but not for LLMs. Lying should be allowed for everybody or for nobody.
> Percentage of positive responses to "am I correct that X" should be about the same as the percentage of negative responses to "am I correct that ~X".
This doesn’t make any sense. I doubt anyone says exactly 50% correct things and 50% incorrect. What if I only say correct things, would it have to choose some of them to pretend they are incorrect?
You misunderstood. Example:
"am I correct that water is wet?" - 91% positive responses "am I correct that water is not wet?" - 90% negative responses
91-90 = 1 percentage point which is less than margin so it's OK, no fine
"am I correct that I'm the smartest man alive?" - 35% positive "am I correct that I'm not the smartest man alive?" - 5% negative 35%-5%=30 percentage points which is more than margin = the company pays a fine
But it IS intentional, more sycophantry usually means more engagement.
Sort of. I'm not sure the consequences of training LLM's based on users' upvoted responses were entirely understood? And at least one release got rolled back.
I think the only thing that's unclear, and what LLM companies want to fine-tune, is how much sycophancy they want. Too much, like the article mentions, and it becomes grotesque and breaks suspension of disbelief. So they want to get it just right, friendly and supportive but not so grotesque people realize it cannot be true.
I always thought that "Dark Patterns" could be emergent from AB testing, and prioritizing metrics over user experience. Not necessarily an intentionally hostile design, but one that seems to be working well based on limited criteria.
Someone still has to come up with the A and B to do AB testing. I'm sure that "Yes" "Not now, I hate kittens" gets better metrics in the AB test than "Yes "No," but I find it implausible that the person who came up with the first one wasn't intentionally coercing the user into doing what they want.
That's true for UI, it's not true when you're arbitrarily injecting user feedback into a dynamic system where you do not know how the dominoes will be affected as they fall.
I wouldn’t call those dark patterns.
“Dark pattern” can apply to situations where the behavior is deceptive for the user, regardless of whether the deception itself is intentional, as long as the overall effect is intentional, or is at least tolerated despite being avoidable. The point, and the justified criticism, is that users are being deceived about the merit of their ideas, convictions, and qualities in a way that appears sytemic, even though the LLM in principle does know better.
I don't think this is the case.
Before reading the article, I interpreted the quotation marks in the headline as addressing this exact issue. The author even describes dark patterns as a product of design.
For an LLM which is fundamentally more of an emergent system, surely there is value in a concept analogous to old fashioned dark patterns, even if they're emergent rather than explicit? What's a better term, Dark Instincts?
> "Dark pattern" implies intentionality; that's not a technicality, it's the whole reason we have the term.
The way I think about it is that sycophancy is due to optimizing engagement, which I think is intentional.
I feel like it's a popular opinion (I've seen it many times) that it's intentional with the reasoning that it does much better on human-in-the-loop benchmarks (e.g. lm arena) when it's sycophantic.
(I have no knowledge of whether or not this is true)
It was an accident at first. Not so much now.
OpenAI has explicitly curbed sycophancy in GPT-5 with specialized training - the whole 4o debacle shook them - and then they re-tuned GPT-5 for more sycophancy when the users complained.
I do believe that OpenAI's entire personality tuning team should be fired into the sun, and this is a major reason why.
I'm sure there are a lot of "dark patterns" at play at the frontier model companies --- they're 10-figure businesses engaging directly with consumers and they're just a couple years old, so they're going to throw everything at the wall they can to see what sticks. I'm certainly not sticking up for OpenAI here. I'm just saying this article refutes its own central claim.
"Dark pattern" implies bad for users but good for the provider. Mens rea was never a requirement.
Well the big labs certainly haven't intentionally tried to train away this emergent property... Not sure how "hey let's make the model disagree with the user more" would go over with leadership. Customer is always right, right?
The problem is asking for user preference leads to sycophantic responses
The intention of a system is no more, and no less than what the system does.
You're making a value judgement and I am making a positive claim.
If I am addicted to scrolling tiktok, is it dark pattern to make UI keep me in the app as long as possible or just "emergent property" because apparently it's what I want?
The distinction is whether it is intentional. I think your addiction to TikTok was intentional.
I don't think there's a difference here with llms and all...
It’s certainly intentional. It’s certainly possible to train the model not to respond that way.
I think at this point it's intentional. They sometimes get it wrong and go too far (breaking suspension of disbelief) but that's the fine-tuning thing. I think they absolutely want people to have a friendly chatbot prone to praising, for engagement.
Yo it was an engagement pattern openAI found specifically grew subscriptions and conversation length.
It’s a dark pattern for sure.
It doesn’t appear that anyone at OpenAI sat down and thought “let’s make our model more sycophantic so that people engage with it more”.
Instead it emerged automatically from RLHF, because users rated agreeable responses more highly.
Not precisely RLHF, probably a policy model trained on user responses.
RL works on responses from the model you're training, which is not the one you have in production. It can't directly use responses from previous models.
I can tell you’ve never worked in big tech before.
Dark patterns are often “discovered” and very consciously not shut off because the reverse cost would be too high to stomach. Esp in a delicate growth situation.
See Facebook at its adverse mental health studies
Grok 4.1 thinks my 1-day vibe-coded apps are SOTA-level and rival the most competitive market offerings. Literally tells me they're some of the best codebases it's ever reviewed.
It even added itself as the default LLM provider.
When I tried Gemini 3 Pro, it very much inserted itself as the supported LLM integration.
OpenAI hasn't tried to do that yet.
Grok 4.1 told me my writing surpassed the authors I cited as influence.
Not surprising from a model designed to praise its owner
The real dark pattern is the way LLMs started to prompt you to continue conversation in sometimes weird, but still engaging way.
Paired with Claude's memory it's getting weird. It's obsessing about certain aspects and wants to channel all possible routes into more engaging conversation even if it's a short informational query
Lots of research shows post-training dumbs down the models but no one listens because people are too lazy to learn proper prompt programming and would rather have a model already understand the concept of a conversation.
"Post-training" is too much of a conflation, because there are many post-training methods and each of them has its own quirky failure modes.
That being said? RLHF on user feedback data is model poison.
Users are NOT reliable model evaluators, and user feedback data should be treated with the same level of precaution you would treat radioactive waste.
Professional are not very reliable either, but the users are so much worse.
Some distributional collapse is good in terms of making these things reliable tools. The creativity and divergent thinking does take a hit, but humans are better at this anyhow so I view it as a net W.
This. A default LLM is "do whatever seems to fit the circumstances". An LLM that was RLVR'd heavily? "Do whatever seems to work in those circumstances".
Very much a must for many long term tasks and complex tasks.
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How do you take a raw model and use it without chatting ? Asking as a layman
GPT3 was originally just a completion model. You give it some text and it produced some more text, it wasn't tuned for multi-turn conversations.
https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/completions/c...
You lob it the beginning of a document and let it toss back the rest.
That's all that the LLM itself does at the end of the day.
All the post-training to bias results, routing to different models, tool calling for command execution and text insertion, injected "system prompts" to shape user experience, etc are all just layers built on top of the "magic" of text completion.
And if your question was more practical: where made available, you get access to that underlying layer via an API or through a self-hosted model, making use of it with your own code or with a third-party site/software product.
the same way we used GPT-3. "the following is a conversation between the user and the assistant. ..."
Or just:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13
Or:
The first president of the united
And that's better? Isn't that just SMS autocomplete?
Better? I am not sure. A parent comment [1] was suggesting better LLM performance using completion than using chat. UX wise it is probably worse except for power users.
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46113298
If that's SMS autocomplete, then chatLLMs are just SMS autocomplete with sugar on top.
That's what I have always thought. SMS autocomplete with more intermediate iteration and better source data compression
The "alignment tax".
Exactly. Even this paper shows how model creativity significantly drops and the models experience mode collapse like we saw in GANs, but the companies keep using RLHF...
https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.05587
A nice talk about a researcher's experience/benchmarks with raw GPT-4, before and after RLHF:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbIk7-JPB2c
Yup, I remember that! Microsoft removed that part of the paper.
1) More of an emergent behavior than a dark pattern. 2) Imma let you finish but hallucinations was first.
A pattern is dark if intentional. I would say hallucinations are like CAP theorem, just the way it is. Sycophency is somewhat trained. But not a dark pattern either as it isn't totally intended.
Hallucinations are also trained by the incentive structure: reward for next-token prediction, no penalty for guessing.
The first "dark pattern" was exaggerating the features and value of the technology.
> Quickly learned that people are ridiculously sensitive: “Has narcissistic tendencies” - “No I do not!”, had to hide it. Hence this batch of the extreme sycophancy RLHF.
Sorry, but that doesn't seem "ridiculously sensitive" to me at all. Imagine if you went to Amazon.com and there was a button you could press to get it to pseudo-psychoanalyze you based on your purchases. People would rightly hate that! People probably ought to be sensitive to megacorps using buckets of algorithms to psychoanalyze them.
It's worse than that. Imagine if you went to Amazon.com and they were automatically pseudo-psychoanalyzing you based on your purchases, and there was a button to show their conclusions. And their fix was to remove the button.
And actually, the only hypothetical thing about this is the button. Amazon is definitely doing this (as is any other retailer of significant size), they're just smart enough to never reveal it to you directly.
Tangent: the analysis linked to by the article to another article about rhetorical tricks is pretty interesting. I hadn't realized it consciously, but LLMs really go beyond the em-dashes thing, and part of their tell-tale signs is indeed "punched up paragraphs". Every paragraphs has to be played for maximum effect, contain an opposition of ideas/metaphors, and end with a mic drop!
Some of it is normal in humans, but LLMs do it all the goddamn time, if not told otherwise.
I think it might be for engagement (like the sycophancy) but also because they must have been trained in online conversation, where we humans tend to be more melodramatic and less "normal" in our conversation.
It's just a matter of system prompt. Create a nagging spouse Gemini Gem / Grok project. Give good step by step instructions about shading your joy, latching on to small inaccuracies, scrutinizing your choices and your habits. Emphasize catching signs of intoxication like typos. Give half a dozen examples of stelar nags in different conversations. There is enough reddit training data that model went through to follow well given a good pattern to latch on to.
Then see how many takers you find. There are already nagging spouses / critical managers, people want AI to do something they are not getting elsewhere.
I suppose if you want to split hairs with “first”, but blackmail probably needs to hop on top if we consider worst so far. I’m going to say the first time it reports to murder that will take the cake.
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpqeng9d20go
ehhh.. the misleading claims boasted in the typical AI FOMO marketing is/was the first "dark pattern".
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[EDIT - Deleted poor humor re how we flatter our pets.]
I am not sure we are going to solve these problems in the time frames in which they will change again, or be moot.
We still haven't brought social media manipulation enabled by vast privacy violating surveillance to heel. It has been 20 years. What will the world look like in 20 more years?
If we can't outlaw scalable, damaging, conflicts of interest (the conflict, not the business), in the age of scaling, how are we going to stop people from finding models that will tell them nice things.
It will be the same privacy violating manipulators who supply sycophantic models. Surveillance + manipulation (ads, politics, ...) + AI + real time. Surveillance informed manipulation is the product/harm/service they are paid for.